![]() ![]() However, considering 16,500 years before present (yBP) as the time of the first colonization of the Americas, and approximately 5,000 yBP as the oldest probable evidence of venereal syphilis in the world, we could not entirely reject hypothesis C. erectus, nor did venereal syphilis appear only five centuries ago. ![]() Thus, treponematoses, as we know them today, did not emerge with H. Two of the resulting evolutionary rates were unlikely and do not explain the existent osseous evidence. Finally, we estimated the treponemes' evolutionary rate to test three scenarios: A) if treponematoses accompanied human evolution since Homo erectus B) if venereal syphilis arose very recently from less virulent strains caught in the New World about 500 years ago, and C) if it emerged in the Americas between 16,500 and 5,000 years ago. pertenue in phylogenetic analyses with 21 genetic regions of different T. Then, we selected the oldest ones to calibrate the time of the most recent common ancestor of Treponema pallidum subsp. Initially, we constructed a worldwide map containing all accessible reports on palaeopathological evidences of treponematoses before Columbus's return to Europe. As an exercise to test the validity of this approach we examined different hypotheses on the origin of syphilis and other human diseases caused by treponemes (treponematoses). Here we employed a new integrative approach, where paleopathology and molecular analyses are combined. Different research avenues explore its fascinating history. The origin of syphilis is still controversial. ![]()
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